Liquid Biopsy at the Frontier of Kidney Diseases: Application of Exosomes in Diagnostics and Therapeutics

In the era of precision medicine, liquid biopsy techniques, especially use urine analysis, represent a paradigm shift in identification biomarkers, with considerable implications for clinical practice field nephrology. kidney diseases, this non-invasive tool to identify specific and sensitive biomarkers other than plasma creatinine glomerular filtration rate is becoming crucial diagnosis assessment patient’s condition. recent years, studies have drawn attention importance exosomes diagnostic therapeutic purposes diseases. Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles lipid bilayer structure, composed variety biologically active substances. context demonstrated that valuable carriers information delivery vectors, rendering them appealing candidates as drug vehicles beneficial outcomes This review summarizes applications emphasizing current renal diseases identified from urinary reference immunomodulation. Finally, we discuss challenges encountered when using how these may affect its applications.